The World Health Organization's ATC classification organizes medical drugs based on therapeutic properties, chemical composition, and anatomy. It helps make essential medicines readily available globally and is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry.
| Level | Code | Title | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | N | Nervous system | |
| 2 | N02 | Analgesics | |
| 3 | N02A | Opioids | |
| 4 | N02AF | Morphinan derivatives | |
| 5 | N02AF01 | Butorphanol |
The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. The DDD is a unit of measurement and does not necessarily reflect the recommended or Prescribed Daily Dose. Therapeutic doses for individual patients and patient groups will often differ from the DDD as they will be based on individual characteristics (such as age, weight, ethnic differences, type and severity of disease) and pharmacokinetic considerations.
| Route | Amount |
|---|---|
| PAREN - Parenteral | 12 mg |
| Active Ingredient | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| Butorphanol |
Butorphanol is a morphinan-type synthetic agonist–antagonist opioid analgesic. Butorphanol is most closely structurally related to levorphanol. Butorphanol exhibits partial agonist and antagonist activity at the ÎŒ-opioid receptor, as well as partial agonist activity at the Îș-opioid receptor (Ki = 2.5 nM; EC50 = 57 nM; Emax = 57%). Stimulation of these receptors on central nervous system neurons causes an intracellular inhibition of adenylate cyclase, closing of influx membrane calcium channels, and opening of membrane potassium channels. This leads to hyperpolarization of the cell membrane potential and suppression of action potential transmission of ascending pain pathways. Because of its Îș-agonist activity, at analgesic doses butorphanol increases pulmonary arterial pressure and cardiac work. Additionally, Îș-agonism can cause dysphoria at therapeutic or supertherapeutic doses; this gives butorphanol a lower potential for abuse than other opioid drugs. |
Note the following: The list of brand names is continuously updated, and thus does not include the total of products circulating worldwide.
