ASPIRIN Tablets BP 300mg Ref.[4772] Active ingredients: Acetylsalicylic acid

There is a possible association between aspirin and Reye’s Syndrome when given to children. Reye’s syndrome is a very rare disease, which affects the brain and liver, and can be fatal. For this reason aspirin should not be given to children aged under 16 years, unless on the advice of a doctor e.g Kawasaki’s Syndrome

Aspirin should be used with caution in patients with:

• Acetylsalicylic acid may promote bronchospasm and asthma attacks or other hypersensitivity reactions. Risk factors are existing asthma, hay fever, nasal polyps or chronic respiratory diseases. The same applies for patients who also show allergic reaction to other substances (e.g. with skin reactions, itching or urticaria).
• Anaemia (may be exacerbated by GI blood loss)
• Cardiac failure (conditions which predispose to fluid retention)
• Dehydration
• Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (aspirin rarely causes haemolytic anaemia)
• Gout (serum urate may be increased)
• Acetylsalicylic acid should be used with caution in patients with moderately impaired renal or hepatic function (contraindicated if severe), or in patients who are dehydrated since the use of NSAIDs may result in deterioration of renal function. Liver function tests should be performed regularly in patients presenting slight or moderate hepatic insufficiency.
• There is an increased risk of haemorrhage particularly during or after operative procedures (even in cases of minor procedures, e.g. tooth extraction). Use with caution before surgery, including tooth extraction. Temporary discontinuation of treatment may be necessary.
• Systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue disorders (hepatic and renal function may be impaired in these conditions)
• Thyrotoxicosis (may be exacerbated by large doses of salicylates)
• Elderly patients are particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of NSAIDs, including acetylsalicylic acid especially gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation which may be fatal (see section 4.2). Where prolonged therapy is required, patients should be reviewed regularly.
• Before commencing long-term aspirin therapy for the management of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease patients should consult their doctor who can advise on the relative benefits versus the risks for the individual patient.
• Vaccine recipients should avoid use of salicylates for 6 weeks after varicella vaccination (see section 4.5).
• Acetylsalicylic acid is not recommended during menorrhagia where it may increase menstrual bleeding.
• Acetylsalicylic acid is to be used with caution in cases of hypertension and when patients have a past history of gastric or duodenal ulcer or haemorrhagic episodes or are undergoing therapy with anticoagulants
• Patients should report any unusual bleeding symptoms to their physician. If gastrointestinal bleeding or ulceration occurs the treatment should be withdrawn
• Serious skin reactions, including Steven-Johnsons syndrome, have rarely been reported in association with the use of acetylsalicylic acid (see section 4.8). Acetylsalicylic acid should be discontinued at the first appearance of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or any other sign of hypersensitivity.
• Concomitant treatment with acetylsalicylic acid and other drugs that alter haemostasis (i.e. anticoagulants such as warfarin, thrombolytic and antiplatelet agents, anti-inflammatory drugs and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) is not recommended, unless strictly indicated, because they may enhance the risk of haemorrhage (see section 4.5). If the combination cannot be avoided, close observation for signs of bleeding is recommended.
• Caution should be advised in patients receiving concomitant medications which could increase the risk of ulceration, such as oral corticosteroids, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and deferasirox (see section 4.5).
• Acetylsalicylic acid in low doses reduces uric acid excretion. Due to this fact, patients who tend to have reduced uric acid excretion may experience gout attacks (see section 4.5).
• The risk of hypoglycaemic effect with sulfonylureas and insulins may be potentiated with acetylsalicylic acid taken at over dosage (see section 4.5).
• Where analgesics are used long-term (>3 months) with administration every two days or more frequently, headache may develop or worsen. Headache induced by overuse of analgesics (MOH medication-overuse headache) should not be treated by dose increase. In such cases, the use of analgesics should be discontinued in consultation with the doctor.

Acetylsalicylic acid is not suitable for use as an anti-inflammatory/analgesic/antipyretic

The following warnings are on the OTC product labelling:

• Do not take if you have a stomach ulcer
• If symptoms persist for more than 3 days, consult your doctor
• Medicines should not be taken in pregnancy without consulting your doctor
• Keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children
• Do not give to children aged under 16 years, unless on the advice of a doctor.

The following drug interactions should be considered when prescribing aspirin:

• Analgesics – avoid concomitant administration of other salicylates or other NSAIDs (including topical formulations) as increased risk of side effects.
• Alkalizers of urine (eg antacids, citrates) - increased excretion of aspirin.
• Metoclopramide and domperidone – increased rate of absorption of aspirin.
• Mifepristone – avoid aspirin until 8-12 days after mifepristone.
• Ototoxic medicine (eg vancomycin) - potential for ototoxicity increased. Hearing loss may occur and may progress to deafness even after discontinuation of the medication. Effects may be reversible but are usually permanent.
• Laboratory investigations - aspirin may interfere with some laboratory tests such as urine 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid determinations and copper sulphate urine sugar tests.
• Calcium-channel blockers – reduced hypotensive effects, increased antiplatelet effect which rarely results in pro-longed bleeding time.
• Varicella vaccine – Vaccine recipients should avoid use of salicylates for 6 weeks after vaccination with varicella vaccine as Reye’s syndrome has been reported following use of salicylates during wild-type varicella infection (see section 4.4).
• Ginkgo Biloba – possible increase in risk of bleeding.

Contraindicated combinations

Methotrexate (used at doses >15 mg/week):

The combined drugs, methotrexate and acetylsalicylic acid, enhance haematological toxicity of methotrexate due to the decreased renal clearance of methotrexate by acetylsalicylic acid. Therefore, the concomitant use of methotrexate (at doses >15 mg/week) with acetylsalicylic acid is contraindicated (see section 4.3).

Not recommended combinations

Uricosuric agents, e.g. probenecid:

Salicylates reverse the effect of probenecid. The combination should be avoided.

Combinations requiring precautions for use or to be taken into account

Anticoagulants e.g. coumarin, heparin, warfarin:

Increased risk of bleeding due to inhibited thrombocyte function, injury of the duodenal mucosa and displacement of oral anticoagulants from their plasma protein binding sites. The bleeding time should be monitored (see section 4.4).

Anti-platelet agents (e.g clopidogrel and dipyridamole) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs; such as sertraline or paroxetine):

Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (see section 4.4).

Antidiabetics, e.g. sulphonylureas:

Salicylics may increase the hypoglycaemic effect of sulphonylureas.

Digoxin and lithium:

Acetylsalicylic acid impairs the renal excretion of digoxin and lithium, resulting in increased plasma concentrations. Monitoring of plasma concentrations of digoxin and lithium is recommended when initiating and terminating treatment with acetylsalicylic acid. Dose adjustment may be necessary

Diuretics and antihypertensives:

NSAIDs may decrease the antihypertensive effects of diuretics and other antihypertensive agents. As for other NSAIDs concomitant administration with ACE-inhibitors increases the risk of acute renal insufficiency.

Diuretics: Risk of acute renal failure due to the decreased glomerual filtration via decreased renal prostaglandin synthesis. Hydrating the patient and monitoring renal function at the start of the treatment is recommended.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide):

May result in severe acidosis and increased central nervous system toxicity

Systemic corticosteroids:

The risk of gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding may be increased when acetylsalicylic acid and corticosteroids are co-administered (see section 4.4).

Methotrexate (used at doses < 15 mg/week):

The combined drugs, methotrexate and acetylsalicylic acid, may increase haematological toxicity of methotrexate due to decreased renal clearance of methotrexate by acetylsalicylic acid. Weekly blood count checks should be done during the first weeks of the combination. Enhanced monitoring should take place in the presence of even mildly impaired renal function, as well, as in elderly.

Other NSAIDs:

Increased risk of ulcerations and gastrointestinal bleeding due to synergistic effects.

Ciclosporin, tacrolimus:

Concomitant use of NSAIDs and ciclospoin or tacrolimus may increase the nephrotoxic effect of ciclosporin and tacrolimus. The renal function should be monitored in case of concomitant use of these agents and acetylsalicylic acid.

Valproate:

Acetylsalicylic acid has been reported to decrease the binding of valproate to serum albumin, thereby increasing its free plasma concentrations at steady state.

Phenytoin:

Salicylate diminishes the binding of phenytoin to plasma albumin. This may lead to decreased total phenytoin levels in plasma, but increased free phenytoin fraction. The unbound concentration, and thereby the therapeutic effect, does not appear to be significantly altered.

Alcohol:

Concomitant administration of alcohol and acetylsalicylic acid increases the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.

Ibuprofen:

Experimental data suggest that ibuprofen may inhibit the effect of low dose acetylsalicylic acid on platelet aggregation when they are dosed concomitantly. However, the limitations of these data and the uncertainties regarding extrapolation of ex vivo data to the clinical situation imply that no firm conclusions can be made for regular ibuprofen use, and no clinically relevant effect is considered to be likely for occasional ibuprofen use (see section 5.1).

Pregnancy

Low doses (up to 100 mg/day)

Clinical studies indicate that doses up to 100 mg/day for restricted obstetrical use, which require specialised monitoring, appear safe.

Doses of 100- 500 mg/day:

There is insufficient clinical experience regarding the use of doses above 100 mg/day up to 500 mg/day. Therefore, the recommendations below for doses of 500 mg/day and above apply also for this dose range.

Doses of 500 mg/day and above:

Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis may adversely affect the pregnancy and/or the embryo/foetal development. Data from epidemiological studies suggest an increased risk of miscarriage, and of cardiac malformation and gastroschisis after use of a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor in early pregnancy. The absolute risk for cardiovascular malformation was increased from less than 1%, up to approximately 1.5 %. The risk is believed to increase with dose and duration of therapy. In animals, administration of a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor has been shown to result in increased pre- and post-implantation loss and embryo-foetal lethality. In addition, increased incidences of various malformations, including cardiovascular, have been reported in animals given a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor during the organogenetic period. During the first and second trimester of pregnancy, acetylsalicylic acid should not be given unless clearly necessary. If acetylsalicylic acid is used by a woman attempting to conceive, or during the first and second trimester of pregnancy, the dose should be kept as low and duration of treatment as short as possible.

Regular or high dose use of salicylates late in pregnancy may result in:

• kernicterus in jaundiced neonates

During the third trimester of pregnancy, all prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors may expose the foetus to:

• cardiopulmonary toxicity (with premature closure of the ductus arteriosus and pulmonary hypertension);
• renal dysfunction, which may progress to renal failure with oligo-hydroamniosis;

the mother and the neonate, at the end of pregnancy, to:

• possible prolongation of bleeding time, an anti-aggregating effect which may occur even at very low doses.
• inhibition of uterine contractions resulting in delayed or prolonged labour.

Consequently, acetylsalicylic acid at doses of 100 mg/day and higher is contraindicated during the third trimester of pregnancy.

Lactation

Low quantities of salicylates and of their metabolites are excreted into the breast milk. Adverse effects for the infant have not been reported up to now. However, aspirin should be avoided during lactation because of the possible risk of Reye’s syndrome. In cases of long-term use and/or administration of higher doses, breastfeeding should be discontinued. Regular use of high doses of aspirin could impair platelet function and produce hypoprothrombinaemia in the infant neonatal vitamin K stores are low.

No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed with Acetylsalicylic acid.

Based on the pharmacodynamic properties and the side effects of acetylsalicylic acid, no influence on the reactivity and the ability to drive or use machines is expected.

Side effects are grouped on the basis of System Organ Class. Within each system organ class the frequencies are defined as: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000) and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data)

Blood and lymphatic system disorders

Common: Increased bleeding tendencies.

Rare: Thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, aplastic anaemia.

Not known: Cases of bleeding with prolonged bleeding time such as epistaxis, gingival bleeding. Symptoms may persist for a period of 4–8 days after acetylsalicylic acid discontinuation. As a result there may be an increased risk of bleeding during surgical procedures.

Existing (haematemesis, melaena) or occult gastrointestinal bleeding, which may lead to iron deficiency anaemia (more common at higher doses).

Anaemia, haemolytic anaemia, hypoprothrombinaemia, pancytopenia, occult blood loss, elevated transaminase levels

Immune system disorders

Rare: Hypersensitivity reactions, angio-oedema, allergic oedema, anaphylactic reactions including shock.

Metabolism and digestive system disorders

Not known: Hyperuricemia.

Nervous system disorders

Rare: Intracranial haemorrhage

Not known: Headache, vertigo.

Ear and labyrinth disorders

Not known: Reduced hearing ability; tinnitus.

Vascular disorders

Rare: Haemorrhagic vasculitis.

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders

Uncommon: Rhinitis, dyspnoea.

Rare: Bronchospasm, asthma attacks.

Reproductive systemand mammary disorders

Rare: Menorrhagia

Gastrointestinal disorders

Common: Dyspepsia.

Rare: Severe gastrointestinal haemorrhage, nausea, vomiting.

Not known: Gastric or duodenal ulcers and perforation which can occasionally be major (may develop bloody or black tarry stools, severe stomach pain and vomiting blood), gastrointestinal irritation (mild stomach pain), erosions, heartburn, Fatalities have occurred.

Hepatobiliary disorders

Not known: Hepatic insufficiency, hepatitis (particularly in patients with SLE or connective tissue disease)

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders

Uncommon: Urticaria.

Rare: Steven-Johnsons syndrome, Lyells syndrome, purpura, erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme.

Renal and urinary tract disorders

Not known: Impaired renal function

Body as a whole – general disorders

Not known: Salicylism – (mild chronic salicylate intoxication may occur after repeated administration of large doses, symptoms include dizziness, tinnitus, deafness, sweating, nausea, vomiting, headache and mental confusion, and may be controlled by reducing the dose)

Children

Aspirin may be associated with the development of Reye’s Syndrome (encephalopathy and hepatic failure) in children presenting with an acute febrile illness.

Iron salts, alkalis and carbonates.