Source: Registered Drug Product Database (NG) Publisher: Tuyil Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, 22, New Yidi Road, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, Tel: 08033565739, Email: tuyilmanagement@yahoo.com
(i) Pharmaco-therapeutic group: Multivitamins and other minerals, incl. combinations
(ii) ATC code: A11AA03
Bunto Blood Tonic Hemoglobin & Vitamins Syrup. The pharmacokinetics of the active substances would not be different from those naturally derived by food orally.
The following account summarises the pharmacological effects of the vitamins and minerals in Bunto Blood Tonic and describes the conditions caused by deficiency of these.
Thiamine (as the coenzyme, thiamine pyrophosphate) is associated with carbohydrate metabolism. Thiamine pyrophosphate also acts as a co-enzyme in the direct oxidative pathway of glucose metabolism. In thiamine deficiency, pyruvic and lactic acids accumulate in the tissues. The pyruvate ion is involved in the biosynthesis of acetylcholine via its conversion to acetyl co-enzyme A through a thiamine-dependent process. In thiamine deficiency, therefore, there are effects on the central nervous system due either to the effect on acetylcholine synthesis or to the lactate and pyruvate accumulation. Deficiency of thiamine results in fatigue, anorexia, gastro-intestinal disturbances, tachycardia, irritability and neurological symptoms. Gross deficiency of thiamine (and other Vitamin B group factors) leads to the condition beri-beri.
Riboflavine is phosphorylated to flavine mononucleotide and flavine adenine dinucleotide which act as co-enzymes in the respiratory chain and in oxidative phosphorylation. Riboflavine deficiency presents with ocular symptoms, as well as lesions on the lips and at angles of the mouth.
Pyridoxine, once absorbed, is rapidly converted to the co-enzymes pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine phosphate which play an essential role in protein metabolism. Convulsions and hypochromic anaemia have occurred in infants deficient in pyridoxine.
Vitamin B12 is present in the body mainly as methylcobalamin and as adenosylcobalamin and hydroxocobalamin. These act as co-enzymes in the trans methylation of homocysteine to methionine; in the isomerisation of methylmalonyl co-enzyme to succinyl co-enzyme and with folate in several metabolic pathways respectively. Deficiency of Vitamin B12 interferes with haemopoiesis and produces megaloblastic anaemia.
The biochemical functions of nicotinamide as NAD and NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) include the degradation and synthesis of fatty acids, carbohydrates and amino acids as well as hydrogen transfer. Deficiency produces pellagra and mental neurological changes.
Iron, as a constituent of haemoglobin, plays an essential role in oxygen transport. It is also present in the muscle protein myoglobin and in the liver. Deficiency of iron leads to anaemia.
Zinc is a constituent of many enzymes and is, therefore, essential to the body. It is present with insulin in the pancreas. It plays a role in DNA synthesis and cell division. Reported effects of deficiency include delayed puberty and hypogonadal dwarfism.
Copper is implicated directly or indirectly in the pathogenesis of numerous neurological diseases. It deficiency may lead to depression, psychosis, dementia, dysarthria, tremor, chorea and other movement disorders.
The pharmacokinetics of the active substances would not be different from those naturally derived by food orally.
The following account describes the absorption and fate of each of the active constituents Bunto Blood Tonic.
Thiamine is absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and is widely distributed to most body tissues. Amounts in excess of the body’s requirements are not stored but excreted in the urine as unchanged thiamine or its metabolites.
Riboflavine is absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and in the circulation is bound to plasma proteins. It is widely distributed. Little is stored and excess amounts are excreted in the urine. In the body riboflavine is converted to flavine mononucleotide (FMN) and then to flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
Pyridoxine is absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and converted to the active pyridoxal phosphate which is bound to plasma proteins. It is excreted in the urine as 4-pyridoxic acid.
Cyanocobalamin is absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and is extensively bound to specific plasma proteins.
A study with labelled Vitamin B12 showed it was quickly taken up by the intestinal mucosa and held there for 2-3 hours. Peak concentrations in the blood and tissues did not occur until 8-12 hours after dosage with maximum concentrations in the liver within 24 hours. Cobalamins are stored in the liver, excreted in the bile and undergo enterohepatic recycling. Part of a dose is excreted in the urine, most of it in the first eight hours.
Nicotinic acid is absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, is widely distributed in the body tissues and has a short half-life.
Iron is absorbed chiefly in the duodenum and jejunum. Absorption is aided by the acid secretion of the stomach and if the iron is in the ferrous state as in ferrous fumarate. In conditions of iron deficiency, absorption is increased and, conversely, it is decreased in iron overload. Iron is stored as ferritin.
Zinc is poorly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract. It is widely distributed throughout the body. It is excreted in the faeces with traces appearing in the urine.
Copper is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, primarily by small intestine. Copper absorption ranges from 12 to 71% in adult humans and from 75 to 84% in infants.
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