Epinephrine Other names: Adrenaline

Chemical formula: C₉H₁₃NO₃  Molecular mass: 183.204 g/mol  PubChem compound: 5816

Interactions

Epinephrine interacts in the following cases:

Alpha-adrenergic blocking agents

Alpha-blockers antagonise the vasoconstriction and hypertension effects of adrenaline, increasing the risk of hypotension and tachycardia.

Selective MAO-A inhibitors

Risk of aggravation of pressor action.

Non-selective MAO inhibitors

Increased pressor action of adrenaline, usually moderate.

Sympathomimetics

Concomitant administration of other sympathomimetic agents with adrenaline may increase toxicity due to possible additive effects.

Severe renal impairment

The risk of toxicity by adrenaline is increased in severe renal impairment.

Hypoglycaemic agents

Adrenaline-induced hyperglycaemia may lead to loss of blood-sugar control in diabetic patients treated with insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents.

Beta blocking agents

Severe hypertension and reflex bradycardia may occur with non-cardioselective beta-blocking agents. Beta-blockers, especially non-cardioselective agents, also antagonise the cardiac and bronchodilator effects of adrenaline.

Volatile halogen anaesthetics

Severe ventricular arrhythmia (increase in cardiac excitability).

Imipramine

Paroxysmal hypertension with the possibility of arrhythmia (inhibition of the entry of sympathomimetics into sympathetic fibres).

Structural cardiac disease, cardiac arrhythmias, severe obstructive cardiomyopathy, coronary insufficiency

The risk of toxicity by adrenaline is increased if the following conditions are pre-existing:

  • Structural cardiac disease, cardiac arrhythmias, severe obstructive cardiomyopathy,
  • Coronary insufficiency

Hyperthyroidism, hypertension, phaeochromocytoma, hypokalaemia, hypercalcaemia

The risk of toxicity by adrenaline is increased if the following conditions are pre-existing:

  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Hypertension
  • Phaeochromocytoma
  • Hypokalaemia
  • Hypercalcaemia

Narrow angle glaucoma

Adrenaline may increase intra-ocular pressure in patients with narrow angle glaucoma.

Metabolic acidosis

Prolonged use of adrenaline can result in severe metabolic acidosis because of elevated blood concentrations of lactic acid.

Prostatic hyperplasia, urinary retention

Adrenaline should be used with caution in patients with prostatic hyperplasia with urinary retention.

Cerebrovascular disease, organic brain damage or arteriosclerosis

The risk of toxicity by adrenaline is increased in cerebrovascular disease, organic brain damage or arteriosclerosis.

Pregnancy

Teratogenic effect has been demonstrated in animal experiments.

Adrenaline should only be used during pregnancy if the potential benefits outweigh the possible risks to the foetus. If used during pregnancy, adrenaline may cause anoxia to the foetus.

Adrenaline usually inhibits spontaneous or oxytocin induced contractions of the uterus and may delay the second stage of labour. In dosage sufficient to reduce uterine contractions, adrenaline may cause a prolonged period of uterine atony with haemorrhage. For this reason parenteral adrenaline should not be used during the second stage of labour.

Nursing mothers

Adrenaline is distributed into breast milk. Breast-feeding should be avoided by mothers receiving adrenaline.

Carcinogenesis, mutagenesis and fertility

Fertility

No information available concerning impact of adrenaline on fertility.

Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Not applicable in normal conditions of use.

Adverse reactions


Metabolism and nutrition disorders

Frequency not known: hyperglycaemia, hypokalaemia, metabolic acidosis.

Psychiatric disorders

Frequency not known: anxiety, nervousness, fear, hallucinations.

Nervous system disorders

Frequency not known: headache, tremors, dizziness, syncope.

Eye disorders

Frequency not known: mydriasis.

Cardiac disorders

Frequency not known: palpitations, tachycardia. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (stress cardiomyopathy) may occur. In high dosage or for patients sensitive to adrenaline: cardiac dysrhythmia (sinus tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation/cardiac arrest), acute angina attacks, and risk of acute myocardial infarction.

Vascular disorders

Frequency not known: pallor, coldness of the extremities. In high dosage or for patients sensitive to adrenaline: hypertension (with risk of cerebral haemorrhage), vasoconstriction (for example cutaneous, in the extremities or kidneys).

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders

Frequency not known: dyspnoea.

Gastrointestinal disorders

Frequency not known: nausea, vomiting.

General disorders and administration site conditions

Frequency not known: sweating, weakness

Repeated local injections may produce necrosis at sites of injection as a result of vascular constriction.

Cross-check medications

Review your medication to ensure that there are no potentially harmful drug interactions or contraindications.

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