No data are available regarding the use of polystyrene sulfonate resins in pregnancy. The administration of polystyrene sulfonate therefore is not advised unless, in the opinion of the physician, the potential benefits outweigh any potential risks.
No data are available regarding the use of polystyrene sulfonate resins in lactation. The administration of polystyrene sulfonate during breast feeding therefore is not advised unless, in the opinion of the physician, the potential benefits outweigh any potential risks.
There are no specific warnings.
In accordance with its pharmacological actions, the resin may give rise to sodium retention, hypokalaemia and hypocalcaemia, and their related clinical manifestations.
Cases of hypomagnesaemia have been reported.
Gastric irritation, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation and occasionally diarrhoea may occur. Faecal impaction following rectal administration particularly in children, and gastrointestinal concretions (bezoars) following oral administration have been reported. Gastrointestinal stenosis and intestinal obstruction have also been reported, possibly, due to co-existing pathology or inadequate dilution of the resin.
Gastrointestinal ischemia, ischemic colitis, gastro-intestinal tract ulceration or necrosis, which could lead to intestinal perforation have been reported which is sometimes fatal.
The majority of cases have been reported with concomitant use of Sorbitol.
Some cases of acute bronchitis and/or broncho-pneumonia associated with inhalation of particles of sodium polystyrene sulfonate have been described.
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