Chemical formula: C₁₉H₁₅ClN₂O₄ Molecular mass: 370.072 g/mol PubChem compound: 5042
Rebamipide inhibited gastric mucosal injury in various experimental rat models of ulcers, including ulcers induced by water-immersion restraint stress, aspirin, indomethacin, histamine, serotonin, and pyloric ligation. The drug also protected the mucosa from injury caused by other ulcerogenic conditions that presumably yield reactive oxygen species, including mucosal ischemia-reperfusion, administration of platelet activating factor (PAF) or diethyldithiocarbamate (DOC), and administration of indomethacin under stressed conditions.
In a rat acetic acid-induced ulcer model, the drug promoted healing of gastric ulcers and was seen to suppress the recurrence and relapse of ulcers 120-140 days after ulcer induction.
Rebamipide inhibited the development of taurocholic acid (one of the main ingredients of bile acid)-induced gastritis and promoted healing of the mucosal inflammation associated with gastritis in rat experiments.
Rebamipide increased the generation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the gastric mucosa in rats. The drug also increased the contents of PGE2, 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGE2 (a metabolite of PGE2) and PGl2 in the gastric juice. In healthy male subjects, the drug again revealed the increasing effect on the PGE2 content in the gastric mucosa and protected the gastric mucosa from injury caused by ethanol loading.
Rebamipide exhibited a gastric cytoprotective effect to inhibit the mucosal injury induced by ethanol, strong acid, or strong base in rats. In in vitro studies, the drug also protected cultured gastric epithelial cells obtained from rabbit fetuses against aspirin- or taurocholic acid (one of the main ingredients of bile acid)-induced injury.
In healthy male subjects, the drug inhibited gastric mucosal injury induced by aspirin, ethanol, or HCl-ethanol loading.
Rebamipide promoted gastric enzyme activity to synthesize high molecular weight glycoproteins, thickened the superficial mucous layer of gastric mucosa, and increased the amount of gastric soluble mucus in rats. Endogenous PGs were not involved in the increase in soluble mucus.
Rebamipide increased gastric mucosal blood flow and improved impaired hemodynamics after blood loss in rats.
Rebamipide did not ordinarily affect the gastric transmucosal potential difference in rats, but did inhibit lowering of the potential difference by ethanol.
Rebamipide promoted gastric alkaline secretion in rats.
Rebamipide activated gastric mucosal cell proliferation and increased the number of covering epithelial cells in rats.
Rebamipide restored the bile acid- or hydrogen peroxide-induced retardation of artificial wound-repair in cultured rabbit gastric epithelial cells.
Rebamipide did not alter either basal secretion of gastric juice or secretagogue-stimulated acid secretion.
Rebamipide scavenged hydroxyl radicals directly and suppressed superoxide production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The drug inhibited the gastric mucosal cell injury caused by reactive oxygen species released from neutrophils stimulated by Helicobacter pylori in vitro. The drug reduced the content of lipid peroxide in the gastric mucosa of rats treated with indomethacin under stressed conditions and inhibited the mucosal injury.
Rebamipide prevented inflammatory cell infiltration in rat models of taurocholic acid (one of the main ingredients of bile acid)-induced gastritis and NSAID-induced or ischemia-reperfusion-induced gastric mucosal damage.
Rebamipide, taken by the oral route, suppressed the increased production of interleukin-8 in the mucosa of patients with Helicobacter pylori. The drug also inhibited the activation of NF-κB, the expression of interleukin-8 mRNA, and the production of interleukin-8 in epithelial cells cocultured with Helicobacter pylori.
The table below shows the pharmacokinetic parameters of rebamipide following single oral administration of rebamipide tablets 100 mg at a dose of 100 mg to 27 healthy male subjects in a fasted state.
Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Rebamipide:
| tmax (hr) | Cmax (μg/L) | t1/2 (hr) | AUC24h (μg/L.hr) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rebamipide tablets 100 mg | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 216 ± 79 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 874 ± 209 |
Mean value ± SD, n=27, t1/2 calculated from values up to 12 hr
The absorption rate of rebamipide following single oral administration at a dose of 150 mg to 6 healthy male subjects in a fed state tended to be slower than that in a fasted state. However, food did not affect bioavailability of the drug in humans
Pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from patients with renal impairment after single oral administration of rebamipide at 100 mg revealed higher plasma concentrations and a longer elimination half-life compared with those in healthy subjects. At steady-state, rebamipide plasma concentrations observed in dialyzed renal patients following repeated administration were very close to the values simulated from single administration. Therefore, the drug was not considered to accumulate.
Rebamipide was primarily excreted as the unchanged compound in the urine aft.er single oral administration to healthy adult males at a dose of 600 mg. A metabolite with a hydroxyl group at the 8th position was identified in the urine. However, the excretion of this metabolite was only 0.03% of the administered dose. The enzyme involved in the formation of the metabolite was CYP3A4. 5) (Note) The usual dosage in adults is 100 mg three times daily.
Approximately 10% of the administered dose was excreted in the urine when rebamipide was administered as a single oral dose to healthy adult males at 100 mg.
Rebamipide at 0.05-5 µg/mL was added to human plasma in vitro, and 98.4% - 98.6% of the drug was bound to plasma proteins.
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