ATC Group: J05AX Other antivirals

Baloxavir marboxil is a prodrug that is converted by hydrolysis to baloxavir, the active form that exerts anti-influenza activity. Baloxavir acts on the cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN), an influenza virus-specific enzyme in the polymerase acidic (PA) subunit of the viral RNA polymerase complex and thereby inhibits the transcription of influenza virus genomes resulting in inhibition of influenza virus replication.

Bulevirtide blocks the entry of HBV and HDV into hepatocytes by binding to and inactivating NTCP, a bile salt liver transporter serving as essential HBV/HDV entry receptor.

Enfuvirtide is a member of the therapeutic class called fusion inhibitors. It is an inhibitor of the structural rearrangement of HIV-1 gp41 and functions by specifically binding to this virus protein extracellularly thereby blocking fusion between the viral cell membrane and the target cell membrane, preventing the viral RNA from entering into the target cell.

Favipiravir is metabolized in cells to a ribosyl triphosphate form (favipiravir RTP) and that favipiravir RTP selectively inhibits RNA polymerase involved in influenza viral replication.

Fostemsavir is an HIV-1 antiretroviral agent. It used in combination with other antiretroviral(s) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection,

Ibalizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody of immunoglobulin G type 4 (IgG4), is a CD4 domain 2-directed HIV-1 inhibitor. Ibalizumab blocks HIV-1 from infecting CD4⁺ T cells by binding to domain 2 of CD4 and interfering with the post-attachment steps required for the entry of HIV-1 virus particles into host cells and preventing the viral transmission that occurs via cell-cell fusion.

Inosine pranobex is a synthetic purine derivative with immunomodulatory and antiviral properties, which result from an apparent in vivo enhancement of host immune responses due to the drug.

Lenacapavir is a multistage, selective inhibitor of HIV-1 capsid function that directly binds to the interface between capsid protein (CA) subunits. Lenacapavir inhibits HIV-1 replication by interfering with multiple, essential steps of the viral lifecycle, including capsid-mediated nuclear uptake of HIV-1 proviral DNA, virus assembly and release, and capsid core formation.

Letermovir inhibits the CMV DNA terminase complex which is required for cleavage and packaging of viral progeny DNA. Letermovir affects the formation of proper unit length genomes and interferes with virion maturation. Letermovir is indicated for prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and disease.

Lysozyme is a naturally occurring enzyme found in bodily secretions such as tears, saliva, and milk. It functions as an antimicrobial agent by cleaving the peptidoglycan component of bacterial cell walls, which leads to cell death.

Maraviroc is a member of a therapeutic class called CCR5 antagonists. Maraviroc selectively binds to the human chemokine receptor CCR5, preventing CCR5-tropic HIV-1 from entering cells.

Maribavir is a competitive inhibitor of the UL97 protein kinase. UL97 inhibition occurs at the viral DNA replication phase, inhibiting UL97 serine/threonine kinase by competitively inhibiting the binding of ATP to the kinase ATP-binding site, without affecting the concatemer maturation process, abolishing phosphotransferase inhibiting CMV DNA replication and maturation, CMV DNA encapsidation, and CMV DNA nuclear egress.

Tecovirimat is an antiviral drug against variola (smallpox) virus. Tecovirimat inhibits the activity of the orthopoxvirus VP37 protein, which is encoded by a highly conserved gene in all members of the orthopoxvirus genus. Tecovirimat blocks the interaction of VP37 with cellular Rab9 GTPase and TIP47, which prevents the formation of egress competent enveloped virions necessary for cell-to-cell and long-range dissemination of virus.